In recent years, Africa has witnessed a troubling resurgence of military coups, undermining democratic governance and destabilising entire regions. This phenomenon has sparked widespread concern, as coups d'état disrupt the political order, erode public trust in institutions and often lead to prolonged periods of instability and violence. Understanding the underlying causes of this resurgence and its implications is needed for addressing the root problems and promoting sustainable governance across the continent.
The resurgence of coups in Africa can be attributed to several interrelated factors. Political instability and weak governance are primary drivers. In many African countries, democratic institutions are fragile and political power is highly centralised. When governments fail to address citizens' needs, engage in corruption, or manipulate electoral processes, they create environments ripe for military intervention. Frustration with ineffective and unresponsive leadership often leads to popular support for coups, as citizens seek alternatives to entrenched regimes.
Economic hardship is another significant factor contributing to the rise of coups. Many African countries face severe economic challenges, including high unemployment, inflation and poverty. Economic mismanagement and lack of development worsens public discontent, eroding the legitimacy of governments. In such contexts, the military often presents itself as a stabilising force capable of restoring order and addressing economic grievances, even though this rarely translates into long-term solutions.
The coups have also been brought on by ethnic and regional tensions. Africa's colonial history left many countries with artificial borders that include diverse ethnic groups with historical rivalries. When governments favour certain groups over others, it can lead to perceptions of exclusion and marginalisation, heightening the risk of conflict. Military coups can be seen as a means to redress perceived injustices and redistribute power among ethnic or regional factions.
The role of external actors cannot be overlooked in the discussion of coups in Africa. During the Cold War, superpowers often supported coups to install regimes sympathetic to their interests. Today, foreign influence persists through economic aid, military assistance, and political support. In some cases, external actors may inadvertently or deliberately embolden military factions to seize power, particularly in strategically important regions. The international community's inconsistent responses to coups further complicate efforts to discourage such actions.
The implications of the growing phenomenon of coups in Africa are profound. Coups disrupt the continuity of governance, often leading to the suspension of constitutions, dissolution of parliaments and curtailment of civil liberties. This creates an environment of uncertainty and fear, preventing social and economic development. The aftermath of coups frequently involves human rights abuses, as military regimes crack down on opposition and dissent to consolidate power.
Regionally, coups can destabilise entire areas by creating power vacuums that are exploited by insurgent groups and criminal organisations. For example, the coups in Mali and Burkina Faso have had significant spillover effects in the Sahel region, intensifying security challenges and complicating international efforts to combat terrorism and promote stability. The proliferation of coups also undermines regional integration efforts and the collective security frameworks established by organisations like the African Union.
To address the resurgence of coups, it is important to focus on strengthening democratic governance and promoting inclusive development. Building resilient institutions that can withstand political pressures and ensuring regular, transparent and fair elections are critical steps. Promoting a culture of accountability and addressing corruption can help restore public trust in government. Economic reforms aimed at reducing poverty and creating opportunities for youth are also vital in mitigating the conditions that lead to military interventions.
The international community has an important role to play in discouraging coups by adopting consistent and principled responses. Condemning coups unequivocally, withholding aid to illegitimate regimes and supporting regional efforts to restore constitutional order can send a strong message against the seizure of power by force.
The growing phenomenon of coups in Africa presents a significant challenge to peace and stability on the continent. Comprehensive and sustained efforts are very much needed to address the underlying causes. Africa can work towards a future where democratic principles prevail and military coups become a relic of the past by simply promoting good governance, inclusive development and regional cooperation.